Expected value calculates average future investment returns based on outcome probabilities. In finance, expected value guides portfolio construction and when to sell assets with lower future value.

What if I say that starting a business is unnatural? The venture is always risky, and we’re so good at avoiding risks: Some say it's just the way our brains are wired. Fear of loss may be primal and ...

Research has begun to explore how age-related changes in the brain systems that are implicated in affect and motivation influence decision making. Older and younger adults show similar affective and ...