In modern society, indirect measurement is ubiquitous in which unknown information is transformed into the other physical quantity and is reconstructed mathematically from its measurement data.

In direct calorimetry, the heat produced by a living organism is measured directly. Indirect calorimetry, by contrast, estimates heat production from the organism's oxygen (O 2) consumption and carbon ...

Very often, in the test and measurement industry, a measurement is made by instrumentation, which is often subject to errors. It is difficult to estimate the true value of the measured quantity given ...

To determine agreement between slit-lamp indirect ophthalmoscopy and Stratus optical coherence tomography (OCT) when assessing cup-to-disc ratios (CDRs). The mean VCDR and HCDR was significantly ...

Indirect extension measurement involves determining specimen extension by measuring the variation in the distance between the testing machine crossheads. Thus, it includes the deformations of all ...