Congenital loss of innervation to the extra-ocular muscles (EOMs) can have a profound effect on the target muscle. This has been well recognised in Duane's retraction syndrome. However, it has been ...

The cranial nerves are a set of twelve pairs of nerves that travel to and from the brain. Each has a different function. For example, the olfactory nerve is essential for detecting smells. The ...

DISTURBANCES of eye movements frequently confront the physician with puzzling diagnostic problems. First of all, the examiner must determine whether the abnormal function of eye muscles is the result ...

Learn the essentials of cranial nerve examination, involving systematic assessment of each nerve to identify abnormalities relating to neurological pathologies. Abstract Cranial nerve examination ...

The vagus nerve is an integral part of your autonomic nervous system. This part of your nervous system controls the things your body does without your conscious input, such as breathing, digesting ...

Sixth nerve palsy, also known as abducens nerve palsy, is a disorder that affects eye movement. It’s caused by damage to the sixth cranial nerve or obstruction anywhere along its path from the ...

The Cranial Nerves song covers the 12 pairs of cranial nerves and their functions and is used by medical students the world over to help them learn the cranial nerves. Students use the lyric sheet and ...

Isolated nerve dysfunction (IND) is a type of neuropathy, or nerve damage, that occurs in a single nerve. Technically, it is a mononeuropathy because it affects one nerve. It is usually the result of ...

Isolated third cranial nerve palsies in head trauma patients can be the result of direct or indirect damage to the oculomotor nerve. They are usually associated with severe head trauma. We reported a ...

The vagus nerve is the longest and most complex of the 12 pairs of cranial nerves that originate from the brain. It transmits information to and from the brain to tissues and organs throughout the ...