Excel's VALUE function has only one argument: where a is the value stored as text that you want to convert into a number. This can be hard-coded inside double quotes or a reference to a cell ...

According to Graham, this formula resulted from a study of various valuation methods and is to be considered an effective shorthand way of estimating the intrinsic value of stocks. The formula should ...

Disclaimer: This Working Paper should not be reported as representing the views of the IMF.The views expressed in this Working Paper are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent those ...