An analog- or a mixed-signal lab cannot have too many voltage sources. A simple, reasonably high-precision voltage source can set bias points in an op-amp circuit, tweak the feedback node of a power ...

If we replace the potentiometer VR1 with an AC signal plus DC bias signal in any of the previous Figures 3 to 17, the voltage controlled attenuators can become an amplitude modulator circuit instead.

Robust systems often have several different power sources, and switches are implemented to separate the power supplies from each other to avoid damage. In most cases, multiple diodes are placed in the ...

A power supply’s source, in actual use, is never ideal. The real behavior, including parasitics, must be considered to build a reliable power system. When we use power supplies, we ensure that a dc-dc ...

Many embedded systems require a stable, low-noise DC reference. This reference can be a stable current or voltage source. These references are used in many ways. Some typical uses are listed as ...

Fig. 1. Basic single-phase circuit and load. As the load draws current, a voltage drop develops across the supply and return conductors. N-G voltage measurements at the load will reflect the voltage ...