Observation protocol scores are commonly used as status measures to support inferences about teacher practices. When multiple observations are collected for the same teacher over the course of a year, ...

The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine are private, nonprofit institutions that provide expert advice on some of the most pressing challenges facing the nation and world. Our ...

We all have the habit of trying to guess the killer in a movie before the big reveal. That’s us making inferences. It’s what happens when your brain connects the dots without being told everything ...

A class of semi-Markov models, those which have proportional hazards and which are forward-going (if state j can be reached from i, then i cannot be reached from j), are shown to fit into the ...

This study was undertaken to develop a low-inference observation instrument deductively derived from teacher effectiveness research that would measure minimal teaching competencies of teaching ...

Territorial A. burtoni males engage in regular aggressive bouts that determine their access to territory and resources. Males that repeatedly lose fights are unable to hold territories and ...

A male fish can size up potential rivals, and even rank them from strongest to weakest, simply by watching how they perform in territorial fights with other males, according to a new study by Stanford ...