The main causes of COPD in high-income countries are tobacco smoke and occupational exposure, but in low-income and middle-income countries use of biomass fuel (wood, dung, crop residues, and charcoal ...

The current pathophysiology of COPD encompasses three main characteristics: emphysema, chronic bronchitis and small airway disease. Macrophages and neutrophils are implicated in this process; thus ...

Authors and Disclosures. Carlos Noujeim* 1 and Pierre Bou-Khalil 2 1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Internal Medicine, Tannourine Governmental Hospital, Batroun, Lebanon. 2 ...

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is now defined as mean pulmonary artery pressure >20 mm Hg according to the updated clinical classification from the 6th World Symposium of Pulmonary Hypertension (WSPH) ...

Despite significant progress in basic research and improvements of patient management, ... Tuder RM, Voelkel NF, Abman SH. Treatment of newborn rats with a VEGF receptor inhibitor causes pulmonary ...

Pathophysiology of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. EP: 2.Differential Diagnosis of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Now Viewing. EP: 3.Importance of Early Detection and Monitoring for Disease ...