In 1880, James Garfield traveled to Republican party headquarters in New York for a meeting with the leader of the Stalwart faction of the party, Roscoe Conkling. Garfield’s trip culminated in ...

Challenges: Rivalries within the Republican Party posed problems for James Garfield. Roscoe Conkling, governor of New York and leader of the Stalwarts, supported the use of state resources to reward ...

where she attended James A. Garfield High School. She later graduated from Barnard College in New York City and received a Master's degree in Literary Nonfiction from the University of Oregon.