Background Assessment of shoulder mobility is essential for diagnosis and clinical follow-up of shoulder diseases. Only a few highly sophisticated instruments for objective measurements of shoulder ...

Background Throwing is a highly skilled movement performed at the extremes of glenohumeral motion.The constant microtrauma in the throwing shoulder challenges the physiologic limits of the surrounding ...

Background Gymnastic sports requires repetitive high load overhead movements that can lead to upper extremity injury. The scapula and the shoulder play a vital role in injury-free performance.

Objective assessment of shoulder function is essential in treatment and evaluation of different conditions. Most existing instruments for objective evaluation of shoulder function are not applicable ...